盐肤木
分类:植物科普
盐肤木 Rhus chinensis Mill.
盐肤木花期
盐肤木果期
落叶小乔木或灌木，高2-10米；小枝棕褐色，被锈色柔毛，具圆形小皮孔。奇数羽状复叶有小叶(2-) 3-6对，叶轴具宽的叶状翅，小叶自下而上逐渐增大，叶轴和叶柄密被锈色柔毛；小叶多形，卵形或椭圆状卵形或长圆形，长6-12厘米，宽3-7厘米，先端急尖，基部圆形，顶生小叶基部楔形，边缘具粗锯齿或圆齿，叶面暗绿色，叶背粉绿色，被白粉，叶面沿中脉疏被柔毛或近无毛，叶背被锈色柔毛，脉上较密，侧脉和细脉在叶面凹陷，在叶背突起；小叶无柄。圆锥花序宽大，多分枝，雄花序长30-40厘米，雌花序较短，密被锈色柔毛；苞片披针形，长约1毫米，被微柔毛，小苞片极小，花白色，花梗长约1毫米，被微柔毛；雄花：花萼外面被微柔毛，裂片长卵形，长约1毫米，边缘具细睫毛；花瓣倒卵状长圆形，长约2毫米，开花时外卷；雄蕊伸出，花丝线形，长约2毫米，无毛，花药卵形，长约0.7毫米；子房不育；雌花：花萼裂片较短，长约0.6毫米，外面被微柔毛，边缘具细睫毛；花瓣椭圆状卵形，长约1.6毫米，边缘具细睫毛，里面下部被柔毛；雄蕊极短；花盘无毛；子房卵形，长约1毫米，密被白色微柔毛，花柱3, 柱头头状。核果球形，略压扁，径4-5毫米，被具节柔毛和腺毛，成熟时红色，果核径3-4毫米。花期8-9月，果期10月。
我国除东北、内蒙古和新疆外，其余省区均有，生于海拔170-2700米的向阳山坡、沟谷、溪边的疏林或灌丛中。分布于印度、中南半岛、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、日本和朝鲜。
本种为五倍子蚜虫寄主植物，在幼枝和叶上形成虫瘿，即五倍子，可供鞣革、医药、塑料和墨水等工业上用。幼枝和叶可作土农药。果泡水代醋用，生食酸咸止渴。种子可榨油。根、叶、花及果均可供药用。
Shrubs to trees, 2-10 m tall; branchlets ferruginous pubescent, lenticellate. Leaf blade sessile, imparipinnately compound; rachis broadly winged to wingless, ferruginous pubescent; leaflets (5-)7-13; leaflet blade ovate to oblong, increasing in size toward apex, 6-12 × 3-7 cm, adaxially dark green, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, abaxially lighter green, glaucous, and ferruginous pubescent, base rounded to cuneate in terminal leaflet, margin dentate, often crenate, apex acute, lateral veins and reticulate venation impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially. Inflorescence many branched, densely ferruginous pubescent, male ones 30-40 cm, female ones shorter. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, minutely pubescent; flowers white. Male flowers: calyx minutely pubescent, lobes long ovate, ca. 1 mm, with ciliate margins; petals obovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm; stamen filaments ca. 2 mm, anthers ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; disk annular; ovary reduced to absent. Female flowers: calyx lobes ca. 0.6 mm; petals elliptic-ovate, ca. 1.6 mm; staminodes much reduced; disk annular; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm, densely white pubescent, styles 3, stigma capitate. Drupe globose, slightly compressed, 4-5 mm in diam., mixed pilose and glandular-pubescent, red at maturity. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Oct.
Lowland, hill, and mountain forests, forests along streams, thickets; 100-2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
