三桠乌药
分类:植物科普
三桠乌药 Lindera obtusiloba Bl.
三桠乌药叶片
三桠乌药花期
落叶乔木或灌木，高3-10米；树皮黑棕色。小枝黄绿色，当年枝条较平滑，有纵纹，老枝渐多木栓质皮孔、褐斑及纵裂；芽卵形，先端渐尖；外鳞片3、革质，黄褐色，无毛，椭圆形，先端尖，长0.6-0.9厘米，宽0.6-0.7厘米；内鳞片3，有淡棕黄色厚绢毛；有时为混合芽，内有叶芽及花芽。叶互生，近圆形至扁圆形，长5.5-10厘米，宽4.8-10.8厘米，先端急尖，全缘或3裂，常明显3裂，基部近圆形或心形，有时宽楔形，上面深绿，下面绿苍白色，有时带红色，被棕黄色柔毛或近无毛；三出脉，偶有五出脉，网脉明显；叶柄长1.5-2.8厘米，被黄白色柔毛。花序在腋生混合芽，混合芽椭圆形，先端亦急尖；外面的2片芽鳞革质，棕黄色，有皱纹，无毛，内面鳞片近革质，被贴服微柔毛；花芽内有无总梗花序5-6，混合芽内有花芽1-2；总苞片4，长椭圆形，膜质，外面被长柔毛，内面无毛，内有花5朵。（未开放的）雄花花被片6，长椭圆形，外被长柔毛，内面无毛；能育雄蕊9，花丝无毛，第三轮的基部着生2个具长柄宽肾形具角突的腺体，第二轮的基部有时也有1个腺体；退化雌蕊长椭圆形，无毛，花柱、柱头不分，成一小凸尖。雌花花被片6，长椭圆形，长2.5毫米，宽1毫米，内轮略短，外面背脊部被长柔毛，内面无毛，退化雄蕊条片形，第一、二轮长1.7毫米，第三轮长1.5毫米，基部有2个具长柄腺体，其柄基部与退化雄蕊基部合生；子房椭圆形，长2.2毫米，直径1毫米，无毛，花柱短，长不及1毫米，花未开放时沿子房向下弯曲。果广椭圆形，长0.8厘米，直径0.5-0.6厘米，成熟时红色，后变紫黑色，干时黑褐色。花期3-4月，果期8-9月。
产辽宁千山以南、山东昆箭山以南、安徽、江苏、河南、陕西渭南和宝鸡以南及甘肃南部、浙江、江西、福建、湖南、湖北、四川、西藏等省区。从北向南生于海拔20-3000米的山谷、密林灌丛中。朝鲜、日本也有。
种子含油达60％，可用于医药及轻工业原料；木材致密，可作细木工用材。
本种为樟科分布的最北界（辽宁千山，约北纬41°），在南方生于高海拔，北方生于低海拔，是能适应较寒环境的广布种。它有能适应寒冷环境的器官构造。
Deciduous trees or shrubs, 3-10 m tall. Bark black-brown. Branchlets yellow-green, smooth and striate when young, brown scurfy, longitudinally dehiscent, and corky lenticellate when old. Buds ovate, apex acuminate; outer bud scales 3, yellow-brown, elliptic, 6-9 × 6-7 mm, leathery, glabrous, acute at apex; inner bud scales 3, very densely brownish yellow sericeous; sometimes mixed budded, including leaf buds and floral buds. Leaves alternate; petiole 1.5-2.8 cm, yellow-white pubescent; leaf blade pale greenish or sometimes red abaxially, dark green adaxially, suborbicular, compressed-rounded, or elliptic, 5.5-10 × 4.8-10.8 cm, brown-yellow pubescent or glabrate abaxially, trinerved, sometimes pentanerved, reticulate veins distinct, base broadly cuneate, subrounded, rounded, cordate, or subcordate, margin usually entire, sometimes emarginate or wavy, or usually trifid and sometimes pentafid, apex acute or rounded. Mixed buds axillary, elliptic, acute at apex, outer 2 bud scales leathery, brown-yellow, rugose, glabrous, inner bud scales subleathery, adnate-pubescent, with 1 or 2 floral buds inside; floral bud 5 or 6, umbels included. Umbels not pedunculate, with 4 involucral bracts; involucral bracts narrowly elliptic, membranous, villous outside, glabrous inside, 5 flowers included. Male flowers: tepals 6, narrowly elliptic, villous outside and glabrous inside; stamens 9; filaments glabrous, 2-glandular at base in 3rd whorl; glands broadly reniform, cornute, long stipitate, sometimes 1 at filament base in 2nd whorl; reduced pistil narrowly elliptic, glabrous; style and stigma forming a mucro. Female flowers: tepals 6, narrowly elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, slightly short in inner whorl, villous on dorsal keel, glabrous inside; reduced stamens fasciated, ca. 1.7 mm in 1st and 2nd whorls, ca. 1.5 mm in 3rd whorls, 2-glandular at filament base; glands long stipitate; stipe base and filament base coadnate; ovary ellipsoid, ca. 2.2 × 1 mm, glabrous; style less than 1 mm, curved downward before bloom. Fruits broadly ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 5-6 mm, red at maturity, later purple-black, black-brown when dry. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Aug-Sep.
Valleys, thickets in dense forests, forests on mountain slopes; near sea level to 3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Liaoning, S Shaanxi, E Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal].
The seed oil is used medicinally and for light industrial materials. The wood is used in woodwork.The seed oil is used medicinally and for light industrial materials. The wood is used in woodwork.
